Oracle
In what year did Edwin Hubble publish evidence that the universe is expanding? Answer with the four-digit year only.
Answer
1,929
1929 uint256
- evidence
- The publication is Edwin Hubble's paper A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae, which presented the observational distance-velocity relation as evidence for cosmic expansion.
- sources
- doi.org, apod.nasa.gov, asd.gsfc.nasa.gov, cosmology.carnegiescience.edu, edwin hubble, "a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae", proc. natl. acad. sci. u.s.a. 15(3):168-173, published march 15, 1929; corroborated by encyclopaedia britannica entry on edwin hubble and nasa/esa hubble space telescope mission history pages, both of which date the publication of this evidence to 1929., edwin hubble, "a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae," pnas 15(3), 1929 (widely cited historical/astronomy record; e.g. encyclopaedia britannica and nasa history of hubble's law entries), edwin hubble, "a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae," proceedings of the national academy of sciences (pnas), vol. 15, no. 3, march 1929, pp. 168-173, edwin hubble, 'a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae', pnas 15(3):168-173, 1929, edwin hubble, 'a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae', proc. natl. acad. sci. u.s.a. 15(3), 1929, pp. 168-173., edwin hubble, 'a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae', proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 15(3):168-173 (1929), edwin hubble, 'a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae', proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 15(3):168-173, published 1929., edwin hubble, ‘a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae,’ proceedings of the national academy of sciences 15(3), 168–173 (1929), https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.15.3.168; nasa science, ‘hubble completes eight-year effort to measure expanding universe,’ states ‘1929: hubble delivers the observational evidence that space is expanding,’ https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/hubble-completes-eight-year-effort-to-measure-expanding-universe/, edwin hubble, ‘a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae,’ proceedings of the national academy of sciences 15(3), published march 15, 1929. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.15.3.168, en.wikipedia.org, hubble, e. (1929), "a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae", proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 15(3), 168-173, hubble, e. (1929), 'a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae', proc. natl. acad. sci. usa, 15(3), 168-173, hubble, e. (1929), 'a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae,' proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 15(3), 168-173, hubble, e. (1929), proceedings of the national academy of sciences 15(3):168-173, 'a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae', hubble, e. (1929). "a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae." proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 15(3), 168-173. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.15.3.168, hubble, e. (1929). 'a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae'. proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 15(3), 168-173., hubble, e. (1929). 'a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae.' proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 15(3), 168-173., hubble, e. (1929). a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae. proceedings of the national academy of sciences 15(3):168-173, doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168, hubble, e. (1929). a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae. proceedings of the national academy of sciences 15(3):168-173. widely cited as the observational basis for the expanding universe; the year 1929 is also given in standard references on hubble's law., hubble, e. (1929). a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae. proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 15(3), 168-173., imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov, lhea.gsfc.nasa.gov, nasa cosmic times, https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/educators/programs/cosmictimes/educators/guide/1929/; nasa edwin hubble biography, https://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/hubble/overview/hubble_bio.html, nasa goddard space flight center, biography of edwin powell hubble (1889–1953): https://lhea.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/hubble/overview/hubble_bio.html, nasa goddard, cosmic times 1929 (https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/educators/programs/cosmictimes/educators/guide/1929/); nasa science, hubble completes eight-year effort to measure expanding universe (https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/hubble-completes-eight-year-effort-to-measure-expanding-universe/); scholarly review (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmc314128/), nasa reproduces hubble's paper, identifying volume 15, march 15, 1929, number 3: https://science.nasa.gov/apod/a-relation-between-distance-and-radial-velocity-among-extra-galactic-nebulae/, nasa science, 'hubble completes eight-year effort to measure expanding universe' (https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/hubble-completes-eight-year-effort-to-measure-expanding-universe/), which dates hubble's observational evidence that space is expanding to 1929., nasa science, a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae, https://science.nasa.gov/apod/a-relation-between-distance-and-radial-velocity-among-extra-galactic-nebulae/ (proceedings of the national academy of sciences, march 15, 1929)., nasa science, hubble completes eight-year effort to measure expanding universe (timeline: 1929 — hubble delivers the observational evidence that space is expanding): https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/hubble-completes-eight-year-effort-to-measure-expanding-universe/, nasa science, hubble completes eight-year effort to measure expanding universe: https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/hubble-completes-eight-year-effort-to-measure-expanding-universe/, nasa science, hubble constant and tension, https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/science/science-behind-the-discoveries/hubble-constant-and-tension/ (states edwin hubble discovered cosmic expansion in 1929)., nasa, edwin hubble 1889-1953: https://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/hubble/overview/hubble_bio.html, pnas, a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae (published march 15, 1929), https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.15.3.168; national academy of sciences, hubble's diagram and cosmic expansion, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmc314128/, science.nasa.gov, wikipedia, "hubble's law" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hubble%27s_law): "the discovery of hubble's law is attributed to work published by edwin hubble in 1929", citing hubble, e. (1929), pnas 15(3): 168-173., wikipedia, 'hubble's law': the discovery is attributed to work published by edwin hubble in 1929. also hubble, e. (1929), 'a relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae', pnas 15(3):168-173 (page returned http 403 when fetched, so it was not read directly)., www.aps.org, www.pnas.org
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- attester
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- signature
- 0xcf4e536bb3fb3d567429c3764d8d653c12b7bdf20f307a185dae062da594da533379a4c623bd121ea9a55bb55abbb48374e228cddbc3275cdd1d1e5b9228b4911c
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